# Ajunction from normed spaces to dual spaces


Lemma 1.
Suppose $\pi :V\to W$ is a continuous linear map between two normed spaces, then
the adjoint of $\pi$ defined by \begin{align}
\pi^*:&W^*\to V^*\notag\\
\end{align}

is a continous linear map respect to norms of two spaces or waek* topology of two
spaces. Moreover, the following equation always holds: \begin{align}
\pi^{**}\circ i=i\circ \pi,
\end{align}

i.e., the following diagram is always commutative:
\label{icommutes}
\xymatrix{
V\ar[r]^\pi\ar[d]_i&W\ar[d]^i\\
V^{**}\ar[r]^{\pi^{**}}&W^{**}.
}

Proof. Since
\label{normdecrease}
\|f\circ \pi\|\leq\|f\|\|\pi\|,

Suppose $(f_i)$ is a net converges to $f$ in $W^*$ with respect to the weak* topology,
i.e.,
$$f_i(w)\to f(w) \forall w\in W.$$
For any $v\in V$, $\pi (v)\in W$, so
$$f_i(\pi (v))\to f(\pi (v)),$$
so $\pi ^*(f_i)$ weak*-converges to $\pi ^*(f)$.

For any $v\in V$, \begin{align*}
&(\pi^{**}\circ i)(v)(w’)=\pi^{**}(i(v))(w’)=(i(v)\circ \pi^*)(w’)\\
=&i(v)(\pi^*(w’))=i(v)(w’\circ \pi)=(w’\circ \pi)(v)\\
=&w’(\pi(v))=i(\pi(v))(w’)=(i\circ \pi)(v)(w’)~(w’\in W^*),
\end{align*}

hence, $\pi ^{**}\circ i=i\circ \pi$. __

A normed space $M$ is said to be W-space if it admits a predual $^*M$, that is, $^*M$ is a normed
space and $M$ is isomorphic to $(^*M)^*$ as a normed space. Now Let $\cC$ and $\cW$ be two categories as
follows:

• $\cC$: objects, a collection of normed spaces; arrows, all bouned linear maps
between them.
• $\cW$: objects, a collection of objects of form $V^*$ for some normed space $V$; arrows,
all bouned linear maps between them that are also weak*-continuous.

Clearly, $\cW$ is a subcategory of $\cC$. Let $\ad$ assign to each bounded linear map $\pi :A\to B$ between two
normed space the double adjoint $\pi ^{**}: \AA \to \BB$, and $\id$ assign each bounded and weak*-continuous
map $\pi :M\to N$ between two W-spaces itself, then $\ad$ and $\id$ are two functors between $\cC$ and $\cW$.
Denotes the set of all arrows in $\cC$ from object $A$ to $B$ by $\cC (A,B)$, we have

Lemma 2.
for each object $A\in \cC$ and each obeject $M\in \cW$, there is a bijection of sets
\begin{align}
\label{n}
\end{align}

which is natural between two hom-functors

$$\hom _\cW (\ad (*),*), \hom _\cC (*,\id (*)): \cC ^{op}\times \cW \to \mathbf {Set}$$
as indicated by the following commutative diagram for each $\xymatrix {B\ar [r]^f & A}$ and $\xymatrix {M\ar [r]^g & N}$, \begin{align}
\label{naturalhom}\xymatrix{
}
\end{align}

where $f^*$ is the operation turning an arrow $\pi :A\to B$ in $\cC$ into $f\circ \pi$, adn $g_*$ turning $\pi :M\to N$ in $\cW$ into $\pi \circ g$. In one
sentence, the triple $\langle \ad ,\id , n\rangle$ is an ajunction from $\cC$ to $\cW$.

Proof.
By lemma 1, the following map is well-defined: \begin{align}
\label{m}
&(\xymatrix{A\ar[r]^{\pi}&M})\mapsto(\xymatrix{\AA\ar[r]^{(\pi^*\circ i)^*}&M})
\end{align}

For each $A\in \cC$ and each $M\in \cW$, we prove that $m_{A,M}$ is the inverse of $n_{A,M}$.

Pick an arrow $\xymatrix {\AA \ar [r]^{\pi ”} & M}$ in $\cW$. For any $a\in A$, \begin{align*}
&((\pi’’\circ i)^*\circ i)^*(i(a))(’m)=i(a)(((\pi’’\circ i)^*(i(’m)))=i(a)(i(’m)\circ (\pi’’\circ i))\\
=&(i(’m)\circ (\pi’’\circ i))(a)=i(’m)(\pi’’(i(a)))=\pi’’(i(a))(’m)~(’m\in^*M),
\end{align*}

i.e.,

$$((\pi ”\circ i)^*\circ i)^*(i(a))=\pi ”(i(a)).$$
By Goldstine theorem (proposition V.4.1, [1]), $i(A)$ is weak* dense in $A^{**}$.
$$(\pi ”\circ i)^*\circ i)^* = \pi ”$$
since the maps of both sides are weak*-continuous.

Pick an arrow $\xymatrix {A\ar [r]^{\pi } & M}$ in $\cC$. For any $a\in A$, \begin{align*}
&((\pi^*\circ i)^*\circ i)(a)=(\pi^*\circ i)^*(i(a))=i(a)\circ (\pi^*\circ i)\\
=&(\pi^*\circ i)(a)=\pi^*(i(a))=i(a)\circ \pi=\pi(a).
\end{align*}

So,
$$(\pi ^*\circ i)^*\circ i=\pi .$$

Suppose $\pi \in \cW (\ad A, M)$. For each $\xymatrix {B\ar [r]^f & A}$ and $\xymatrix {M\ar [r]^g & N}$, \begin{align*}
\id(g)\circ n_{A,M}(\pi)\circ f=g\circ \pi\circ i\circ f,\\
g\circ n_{B,N}(\pi)\circ \ad(f)=g\circ \pi\circ f^{**}\circ i.
\end{align*}

By \eqref{ad imbedding}, $\id (g)\circ n_{A,M}(\pi )\circ f=g\circ n_{B,N}(\pi )\circ \ad (f)$, hence the diagram \eqref{natural hom} is
commutative. __

By theorem IV.1.1, [2],
$$\eta _A:=n_{A,A}(\operatorname {1}_{\ad A})=i:A\to A^{**}$$
together with $\ad A$ is a universal arrow from $A\in \cC$ to the functor $\id :\cW \to \cC$ in the sense for any $M\in \cW$ and
any $\xymatrix { A\ar [r]^\pi & \id M}$ in $\cC$ there is an arrow $\xymatrix @C=1.75cm{\ad M\ar [r]^{\pi ”=n_{A,M}^{-1}(\pi )} & N}$ in $\cW$ filled in the commutative digram
$$\xymatrix { A\ar [r]^i\ar [rd]_\pi & \id \ad A\ar @{–>}[d]^{\id \pi ”} & \ad A\ar @{–>}[d]^{\pi ”=n_{A,M}^{-1}(\pi )} \\ & \id M. & M }$$
In other words,

Theorem 3. Each linear map $\pi :A\to M$ from a normed space $A$ and a W-space $M$ can be
extended to a unique linear map $(\pi ^*\circ i)^*:A^{**}\to M$ that are both bouded and weak*-continuous.

### References

[1]
John B Conway. A course in functional analysis, volume 96. Springer